VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR


In Paper-II Section-B: Vocabulary and Grammar contains 4 passages. The first one is re-writing the sentences as directed. This will be on Direct-indirect speech, Active-passive voice, Clauses. Look at the March 2016 example:



(Q.No. 16-18) Read the following passage focusing on the parts that are underlined and numbered.    (3x1=3 m)



One day, fisherman caught a big fish and took it the king's palace. (16) The king saw the fish. He felt very happy. After his cooks had cooked it and he had eaten it. (17) He said to the fisherman "what do you want for the fish?"



"I want you to beat me twenty times with a rod", said the fisherman.

The king was surprised, and argued with the fisherman, but in the end he said, 'I promised to give you whatever you wanted, and I suppose that I must keep my promise'.



After the king had hit him ten times, the fisherman jumped away and said, "that is enough for me. I promised the other ten to your minister".

The king understood everything. (18) He gave the minister the ten hits with the rod and removed him from the service.



Now, complete the following sentences and write them in your answer booklet.

16.When the king saw ……………

17. He asked..……………………..

18. The king not only .……………

Answers:

16. When the king saw the fish, he felt very happy.

17. He asked the fisherman what he wanted for the fish.

18. The king not only gave the minister the ten hits with the rod, but also removed him from the service.

    Remember there is no fixed pattern for this passage. They may not follow the same clause for the next. So we should be ready to face Speech, Voice and Clauses of any type.

Direct speech and Reported speech

Direct speech: When the exact words of the speakers are given within inverted commas, it is said to be Direct speech. In this speech the words are quoted or repeated as they are said by the speaker.

Ex:-She said, "My mother is very happy"

    Rosy said, "I like Telugu novels."

Reported speech: When the substance of the actual words of the speaker is given, it is said to be a Reported speech or an indirect speech. In this speech the meaning of the spoken words is given in our own words.

Ex: -     She said that her mother was very happy.

Rosy said that she liked Telugu novels.

Rules for changing Direct speech into Indirect speech:



1.The reporting verb is changed to some extent according to the nature of the reported speech, but the tense of the reporting verb is never changed.

2.Inverted commas are removed.

3.Question marks and exclamatory marks are removed they are changed into Assertive sentences.

4.If the reporting verb in the present tense or future tense the tense of the direct speech is not changed.

5.Present simple changes to past simple.

6.Present continuous changes to past continuous.

7.Present perfect changes to past perfect.

8.resent perfect continuous changes to past perfect continuous.

9.Past simple some times remains unchanged when D.S. contains historical events, conditional tense and "had" as principal verb. In all other cases past simple changes    to past perfect.

10.Past continuous changes to past perfect continuous.

11.Past perfect remains unchanged.

12.Past perfect continuous remains unchanged.

13.Future simple changes to probable conditional.

14.uture continuous changes to probable conditional.

15.Tense of habitual actions and universal truths is not changed.

16.'If' or 'whether' is used in reported speech for 'yes or no' questions.

17.In the reported speech the following reporting verbs can be used according to the nature of the direct speech.

reporting verbs: tell, told, asked, requested, ordered, commanded, suggested, exclaimed, questioned etc.

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